For Germany, the breaking point could come in December. France and Switzerland might crack by mid-November. Belgium could hit its limit by the end of the week.

Europe, in the throes of a savage second wave of the pandemic, is on the verge of a medical crisis, with intensive care units filling rapidly. Governments are finding that when confronted by the unforgiving reality of an exponentially spreading virus, even vast investments to expand hospital capacity can be washed away in days.